Potter Wasp Giving Finishing Touches

When I was doing a shootout for the review of Canon EF 100mm f/2.8L Macro IS USM I found this potter wasp at my garden building its nest. Unfortunately when i noticed she had built most of the nest and has gathered caterpillar to be served as food for her new born larvae. I was only able to take photos of her closing the beautiful nest. All these photos were taken using Canon EF 100mm f/2.8L Macro IS USM on Canon EOS 7D using Canon Speedlite 580EX II with Rayflash adapter.

Potter wasps, also known as mason wasps, are very interesting insects that are named for the way and the form in which they build their hives. They are truly pottery artists and create unique and beautiful pot-like homes for their off-springs. There are many things about the potter wasp that makes them stand out from the rest and here are some interesting facts that you may not know about these unusual insects.

It is the female potter wasps that do all the construction on their homes, rather than the males.Possibly the simplest of the potter wasp constructions is made with mud and has tiny cells between the layers. The female will either gather droplets of water soon after rain fall mixed with her own saliva to make the mud. It is truly an amazing process!

Potter Wasp

Another of the homes that the potter wasp creates is made with mud like the first, but the shape is different. Rather than being a plain round shape, these are round with a thin neck at the top, much like a cork bottle or special vase.

The common potter wasp is primarily black in color, but it also has yellow or red markings on the thorax or abdomen. There are also some interesting tropical species that can have green or blue markings.

Female potter wasps take less than one day to completely build a nest. There are some female potter wasps that will make their nests out of pre-existing holes, but this is not as common as the lady who will start from scratch.

Potter wasps hunt for Beetle larva or caterpillars and paralyze them with their sting. They fly these paralyzed caterpillars to the hive they created. They lay their eggs on these larvae inside nests, one egg in each cell. and then seals off the cells to protect the babies. The sealed caterpillar lives till the eggs hatch and becomes food for the newly hatched wasp baby.

Paralyzed Captive Caterpillar inside The Nest

The potter wasp’s nest is rumored to have been the original inspiration for the Indian pottery that it so strongly resembles.

The diet of potter wasps consists primarily of nectar, spiders, beetle larvae, and young caterpillars.

Some potter wasps build their nests underground, but most have them hanging from a branch or limb above the ground. This is where you can look for one of your own to keep as a decorative piece. Be sure, of course, that it is an empty one or you may have one very angry wasp to deal with!

Parasitoid Wasp Pupae on Tarbala Caterpillar

In the last blog I explained about Trabala Species of Lappet Moths. Few days back I found another Trabala caterpillar. This one was infested with pupae of Parasitoid wasps all over its body. It was lethargic and was unable to move.

In general though most people still use the term Parasitic Wasps. Technically speaking, they are not actually parasites – they are parasitoids. This is because a true parasite is something that lives at the expense of its host but doesn’t actually kill it, whereas parasitoids nearly always kill their host.

Parasitoid larvae usually develop by feeding on a single host – different species develop on anything from tiny aphids and insect eggs right up to large butterfly and moth larvae. They can live and feed inside the host’s body cavity (endoparasitoids) or outside the host’s body (ectoparasitoids). They can be solitary or gregarious – with anything from 1 to many 1000’s of larvae consuming the same host.

Parasitoid Wasp On Tarbala Closeup

Fascinating life strategies

Nearly all parasitica inject venom into their host along with or just prior to the egg. This venom is a highly complex mixture of chemicals and other agents used not just to paralyse the host, but to also modify the host’s tissues. Tissue modification is a feature of nearly all venoms, making the host more nutritious for the developing wasp larva and helping to overcome the host’s immune systems. The latter is an especially important consideration for internal parasitoids as a host’s body will usually try to surround (encapsulate) a foreign body to prevent infection and to kill any parasitoid eggs or larvae. Parasitica have developed many ways of getting around this but I think the most devious must be the use of polydnaviruses (also known as Poly-DNA-viruses) . These viruses are injected by some endoparasitoids with the venom and have been shown to target and disable the host’s immune system – thus protecting the developing parasitoid. Other, more basic, methods of bypassing the host’s immune system include laying the egg directly into the host’s brain (ganglion), where the immune system is unable to encapsulate it.

Whichever method the parasitoid uses to prevent encapsulation it must also protect itself against many other dangers. One of the most serious being the possibility that a host will succumb to a fungal or bacterial infection and die before the parasitoid has finished with it. To prevent this, many larvae secrete chemicals with antibiotic or antiseptic properties as they move around the host’s body cavity. They also avoid damaging the host’s gut (a massive source of bacteria) by eating non-essential areas first, like body fat and the reproductive organs. Many species also use teratocytes – bundles of cells that emerge from the egg with the embryo. These cells absorb food from the host’s body cavity and the parasitoid larva feeds on them – removing the need for it to feed directly on the host’s tissues until it is absolutely necessary.

Parasitoid Wasp Puape On Tarbala Caterpillar

Polyembryony is another complex strategy employed by parasitica, but this time its aim is to ensure the maximum number of offspring from the fewest number of eggs. Some species lay a single egg that continues to divide, cloning itself into many independent larvae – in extreme examples one egg can produce thousands of larvae. Some species have even been shown to produce different types of larvae from the same egg – normal larvae that feed and develop fully into adult wasps and others, which never mature into adult wasps, that act as guards to protect the others from attack by other parasitoid larvae.

Charles Darwin even used one family of Parasitoid wasps as evidence for natural selection, writing to a colleague:

I cannot persuade myself that a beneficent and omnipotent God would have designedly created the Ichneumonidae with the express intention of their feeding within the living bodies of caterpillars.

So what next turn will you see in the story of lappet moths, wait for my last installment on 3 part series on Lappet moths.

Trabala Caterpillar Defensive Pose

Last year I found this caterpillar of Trabala Species of Lappet moth at Mangalore.

Lappet moth belongs to family of moths called Lasiocampidae. They are also known as eggars, snout moths. There are over 2000 species worldwide, and probably not all have been named or studied.

Their common name snout moths comes from their unique protruding mouth parts of some species that resemble a large nose. They are called lappet moths due to the decorative skin flaps found on the caterpillar’s prolegs.

Trabala Caterpillar Showing Prolegs

The name eggars comes from the neat egg-shaped cocoons of some species.

Caterpillars of this family are large in size and are most often hairy, especially on their sides. Most have skin flaps on their prolegs and a pair of dorsal glands on their abdomen. They feed on leaves of many different trees and shrubs and often use these same plants to camouflage their cocoons. Some species are called Tent caterpillars due to their habit of living together in nests spun of silk.

Trabala Caterpillar Closeup

As adults, the moths in this family are large bodied with broad wings and may still have the characteristic elongated mouth parts, or have reduced mouth parts and not feed as adults. They are either diurnal or nocturnal. Females lay a large number of eggs which are flat in appearance and either smooth or slightly pitted. In tent caterpillars, the eggs are deposited in masses and covered with a material that hardens in air. Females are generally larger and slower than the males, but the sexes otherwise resemble each other. Moths are typically brown or grey, with hairy legs and bodies.

Almost all stages these caterpillar are poisonous to human beings. Their hair results in urticarial rashes. When your skin brushes against these caterpillars, the spines break off, releasing an irritating fluid that produces an immediate stinging, burning sensation. The numbness and swelling that follow may extend to your whole arm or leg in severe cases. Red blotches may persist for a couple of days, accompanied by a weeping rash. Associated lymph nodes may swell and be tender for 12 to 24 hours. Systemic reactions may include nausea and vomiting.

If one affects you, treat the symptoms. To remove any spines still in the skin, gently stick a piece of adhesive tape to the site and then pull it away. Applying cold compresses can lessen the
pain and swelling. Pain medications and topical corticosteroid creams may help. If the symptoms include systemic reactions consult medical help.

You might be wondering why I am showing you this caterpillar which was an year old. There is a reason wait for my blog tomorrow for next installment of three part series on Lappet moths.

Inchworm moth caterpillar

This curious looking caterpillar was found inside Kadri Park in Mangalore when I went for a stroll on Sunday afternoon. Light was terribly bright and I had no flash with me nor any method to shade. This moth caterpillar belongs to family Geometridae. Most probably caterpillar of Dysphania militaris moth. It is called Inch Worm because of its peculiar locomotion pattern. It was acting as though it is bud on top of that twig which it had finished eating. the shrub was full of these caterpillars.

Many Geometrids moths have slender abdomens and broad wings which are usually held flat with the hind wings visible. As such they appear rather butterfly-like but in most respects they are typical moths: the majority fly at night, they possess a frenulum to link the wings and the antennae of the males are often feathered. They tend to blend in to the background, often with intricate, wavy patterns on their wings.

The name Geometer (earth-measurer) refers to the means of locomotion of the larvae or caterpillars, which lack most of the prolegs of other Lepidopteran caterpillars. Equipped with appendages at both ends of the body, a caterpillar will clasp with its front legs and draw up the hind end, then clasp with the hind end (prolegs) and reach out for a new front attachment – creating the impression that it is measuring its journey. The caterpillars are accordingly called loopers, spanworms, or inchworms. They tend to be green, grey, or brownish and hide from predators by fading into the background or resembling twigs. Some have humps or filaments (see Filament-bearer image). They are seldom hairy or gregarious. Typically they eat leaves. However, some eat lichen, flowers or pollen. Some, such as the Eupithecia, are even carnivorous.